World 1

Lot number 3332 Quality: 0

N° 42A report 1 "1870 - 5c. vert-jaune", margin, with photo certificate, vf (Yv. €7,500)

Lot number 3333 Quality: 0

N° 42B report 2 "1870 - 5c. vert-jaune", nicely margin, grease stain on the right, with English cancellation "723", rare, with photo certificate, vf/f (Yv. +€220)

Lot number 3334 Quality: *

N° 43Bd "1871 - 10c. bistre-brun", slight crease, with Brun sign, Balasse photo certificate, f (Yv. €1,700)

Lot number 3335 Quality: **

N° 47 "1870 - 30c. brun foncé", vf (Yv. €700 *)

Lot number 3336 Quality: *

N° 48 "1870 - 40c. orange" in horizontal pair, full margins, fine condition, photo certificate, vf (Yv. €1,600)

Lot number 3337 Quality: ✉

1871/10 March, letter via Marseille "boite mobile" to Tunis via Algeria with single franking N° 48, nicely margined stamp, superb specimen, vf (Yv. €1,000)

Lot number 3338 Quality: *

N° 50c "1872 - 1c. vert-olive", imperforate, rare, vf (Yv. €375)

Lot number 3339 Quality: *

N° 51 "1872 - Cérès - 2c. rouge-brun", vf

Lot number 3340 Quality: MIX

N° 61/102 Magnificent collection, with an exquisite selection of single stamps and pairs, as well as letters with foreign destinations, charge, etc., vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3341 Quality: **

N° 121 "1900 - Merson 1fr. wine red and olive corner block of 4", vf (Yv. ++€440)

Lot number 3342 Quality: *

Annulé N° 145-CI "1911 - Merson 2fr. orange et vert-bleu" with overprint, very light hinge, vf (Yv. €182)

Lot number 3343 Quality: **

N° 156 "Infirmière", vf (Yv. €300)

Lot number 3344 Quality: **

N° 162/69 "1922 - Orphélins", some lower values with slightly tinted gum, vf/f (Yv. €530)

Lot number 3345 Quality: *

N° 182 "1923 - Bordeaux" with very light hinge, vf (Yv. €600)

Lot number 3346 Quality: *

n° 188/188A "1924/1926 Semeuse Phéna en Mineraline", gum slightly tinted as usual, vf/f (Yv. €545)

Lot number 3347 Quality: **

N° 216b "1925 Expo 5fr. - broken frame", vf (Yv. €330)

Lot number 3348 Quality: **

N° 229/32 "1926 - Orphélins", new values, "50c." corner piece with gum spots, vf/f (Yv. €620)

Lot number 3349 Quality: **

N° 229/32 "Orphelins 1926-27", vf (Yv. €650)

Lot number 3350 Quality: **

N° 233/240 "1927/1931 - various types", including "Merson 3fr.", vf (Yv. €261)

Lot number 3351 Quality: **

N° 241/42 "1927 - Strasbourg", stamps from souvenir sheet, vf (Yv. €1,000)

Lot number 3352 Quality: **

N° 252 "1928 - Caisse d'Amortissement 1fr. 80 + 8fr. 50", vf (Yv. €260)

Lot number 3353 Quality: **

N° 253/55 and 275/77 "1929/31 - Caisse d'Amortissement - 2 sets", N° 275 gum stain, vf/f (Yv. €850)

Lot number 3354 Quality: *

N° 256 and 321 "1930 - Sourire de Reims" and "1936 - Traversée 10fr.", both with very light hinge, vf (Yv. €475)

Lot number 3355 Quality: *

N° 257A "1929 - Le Havre", vf (Yv. €900)

Lot number 3356 Quality: *

N° 257A "1929 - Le Havre", vf (Yv. €900)

Lot number 3357 Quality: **

N° 266/68 and 246/51 "1927/30 - Caisse d'Amortissement - 3 sets", N° 250 (Yv. €75) less attractive, vf/f (Yv. €725)

Lot number 3358 Quality: **

N° 269 "1931 - Caise d'Amortissement 1fr. 50 + 1fr. 50", vf (Yv. €350)

Lot number 3359 Quality: **

No. 297 + 299/200 with left margin and 300 with corner piece, all stamps very fine, some less fine margins, vf/f (Yv. +€635)

Lot number 3360 Quality: **

N° 316/17 '1936 Vimy and Expo' high values (blocks of four) including 326 CD, vf (Yv. +€779)

Lot number 3361 Quality: **

N° 348/51 'Pexip 1937', stamps from souvenir sheet, coherent, vf (Yv. €400)

Lot number 3362 Quality: **/*

No. 454/57 'Oeuvre de Guerre - 1940', complete set in souvenir sheet of four stamps with corner piece and dated corner, perfectly mint, vf (Yv. €260) + 1938/1940 Small collection of dated corners from Yv. n° 377A, 386/87, 396, 420, 422, 426, 430, 436/39, 459/60, minor offset on some stamps, vf (Yv. €1.297)

Lot number 3363 Quality: **

N° 701A/F "1942 - Marianne de Dulac, non émis", vf (Yv. €960)

Lot number 3364 Quality: ✉

1933 N° 258 (Yv.), 5 ex. on French airmail letter cover (par Avion - via Aeropale), dated 3 June 1933, to Porto Alegre (Brazil) arrival date 11 June 1933. Perfo of "EX", vf.

Lot number 3365 Quality: ✉

1935 N° 299 (2x) (Yv.), on letter cover "AIR-BLEU" with sticker "par Avion", from Lille (France), dated 10 July 1935, to Paris (France). On front, pretty pink cancellation "1 ste liaison Postale Aerienne Ste Air Bleu - 15 mai 1935 ", vf.

Lot number 3366 Quality: ✉

1937 N° 283 and 301 (Yv.), on letter envelope, from Esvres, dated 23 February 1937, to Cotonou (Benin), nice red lozenges cancellation of First flight March 1937, vf/f

Lot number 3367 Quality: 0

1944 Libération Montluçon n° 1/6 overprint inverted (complete) and Beziers 4 values, all with Mayer sign, vf

Lot number 3368 Quality: 0

1944 Libération Salon de Provence "80c." and "4.50fr." cancelled on fragment, expertised Calves, rare, vf

Lot number 3369 Quality: **/*

1944 Libération beautiful accumulation of various places including Menton, Charité/Loire, La Mure, Soulac, Louhans, Digne, Dreux (including "4fr."), Vichy, some rare stamps, many expertised, vf

Lot number 3370 Quality: **/*

BL 2a "Strasbourg 1927", souvenir sheet with defects, stamps, beautiful **, vf/to be checked (Yv. €1,350)

Lot number 3371 Quality: 0

BF 3 'Pexip 1937' vf (Yv €400)

Lot number 3372 Quality: **

N° 147 C-1 "Croix Rouge" (small discoloured stain on gum on margin of second panel, caused by unevenness in gum), vf/f (Yv. €2,500)

Lot number 3373 Quality: *

N° 37 '1922 - semeuse 15c. olive' with overprint Postes France 1922, Brun sign, Balasse certificate, rare, vf/f (Yv. €1,400)

Lot number 3374 Quality: **

N° 47 "1922 - Semeuse 55c. on 60c. violet", vf (Yv. €350)

Lot number 3375 Quality: **/*/0

1921/1996, beautiful collection of 'Préoblitérés' with various better stamps mint or with hinge, many complete sets mint, high catalogue value, vf/f.

Lot number 3376 Quality: 0

TX 10/24 "1881/92 type Duval complete", "2fr." with sign, "4c." (*), with photo certificate, vf (Yv. €4,000)

Lot number 3377 Quality: **

N° 63/65 "1929/1931 Récouvrements 1927" with overprint, vf (Yv. €430)

Lot number 3378 Quality: **/*/0

1859/1983 'Strafport', beautiful complete collection, early period cancelled and with hinge, later period mint, most important stamps expertised, diameter in beautiful quality, vf/f (Yv € +8,600)

Lot number 3379 Quality: ✉

1859 T1 Taxe "10c. black" with lithographic printing on very nice letter from Poitiers, sent locally 25.1.1859, rare and very nice, vf (Yv. €850)

Lot number 3380 Quality: **

Franchise Militaire n° 2 and 3 with sheet margin "1901/1904 - 15c. vermillon and 15c. vert-olive", vf (Yv. €530)

Lot number 3381 Quality: 0

1849/1958 Significant collection in Davo album, with better classics, n° 33 (crease at the top), Orphelin, Caisse d'Amortissement, PEXIP 1937, Personalities + Trésors de la Philatelie 2015, vf/f

Lot number 3382 Quality: **/*/0

1849/1990 Very extensive collection with better stamps in 2 stockbooks, including n° 33 (very decent), 153/54, Traversée, Louvre (2x), Famous Men **, airmail including the better stamps, préos after 1920, also some extras, also territories, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3383 Quality: */0

1849/1961 Collection in Yvert album from 1st issue with various better stamps, including Caisse d'Amortissement, traversée, Famous Men set, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3384 Quality: 0

1849/1871 Accumulation of stamps, including n° 3, 6, 10 block of four, 15 block of four, 33, 49, 50/53, etc., some with remarks, f/to be checked (High catalogue value)

Lot number 3385 Quality: **/*/0

1849/1975 Collection in stockbook from first issue, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3386 Quality: */0

1849/1930, stock in stockbook mostly classic, to be checked for cancellations, etc., vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3387 Quality: **/*/0

1850/2000 Collection in 4 albums with classic in mixed quality, somewhat specialised with many duplicates, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3388 Quality: **/*/0

1853/1981 Collection in clip binder from classic, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3389 Quality: ✉

1854/1880 Beautiful accumulation of letters, lot fully illustrated on website, especially Napoleon III and Cérès, to be viewed thoroughly, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3390 Quality: 0

1854/1862 Many hundreds of Napoleon stamps, perforated and imperforate, in 7 large-format club booklets, ideal for stamp collectors, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3391 Quality: 0

1860/2000 Stock in stockbook and album, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3392 Quality: **/*/0

1862/2009 Stock in 4 thick stockbooks, mostly cancelled, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3393 Quality: **/*/0

1876/1975 Collection in Yvert album, from 1945 onwards fairly complete and **, including personalities, vf/f

Lot number 3394 Quality: **/*PWST/FDC

1877/1999 Collection of special issues, FDCs in Davo album, including 1950 FDC Red Cross, vf/f

Lot number 3395 Quality: **/*/0

1900/2001 Collection in 6 stockbooks, mainly after 1960, sets, souvenir sheets, booklets, vf/f

Lot number 3396 Quality: 0

1900/2000 Stock in 3 stockbooks, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3397 Quality: **/*

1906/1982 Collection in Davo album, including many full sets and good stamps: 156*, 162/169*, 216*, 256**, 354/55*, 989/94**, 1027/1032**, PA 8/13*, PA 37**, …, vf/f (Yv. €2,700**/€5,260*)

Lot number 3398 Quality: **/*

1920/2003 Stock in 3 stockbooks, including sets, dated corners, booklets, nominal, vf/f

Lot number 3399 Quality: **/*/0

1930/1990 Almost entirely mint collection in 2 stockbooks with some duplicates, vf/f

Lot number 3400 Quality: **/*/0

1940/1980, interesting stock remainder, ideal for exchange or resale, including LP sets*, paintings, famous people, etc.. high cat. value, vf/to be checked.

Lot number 3401 Quality: 0

1940/1980, remainder collection in album, vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3402 Quality: **

1957/2007 Collection in 2 stockbooks, including sets and nominal, vf

Lot number 3403 Quality: **/0

1960/2013 Collection in 3 Davo albums and 1 stockbook, from 1990 onwards mostly mint with many complete years, high postage value, vf

Lot number 3404 Quality: **

1964/1995, very nice stock in Yvert stockbook, many sets several times, also LP, service and preos, vf, huge catalogue value.

Lot number 3405 Quality: **/0

1980/2003 Accumulation of stamps, souvenir sheets and HK in 2 books and 3 exchange booklets, vf/f

Lot number 3406 Quality: **

1982/2007, collection (not complete) of stamps and souvenir sheets, in 3 Davo albums, vf.

Lot number 3407 Quality: */0

Cérès, group with 3a in block of four and 2 better letters n° 2 + 6 and n° 4, f/to be checked (High catalogue value)

Lot number 3408 Quality: MIX

Large quantity of préoblitérés, newspapers, tax, including on postal items, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3409 Quality: **/*/0

Accumulation of various issues and periods in 5 stockbooks, including pre-cancelled items, tax stamps, PA, service, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3410 Quality: **/*/0

Accumulation of various issues in 3 stockbooks, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3411 Quality: **

Accumulation of various issues and periods, with many nominal values in stockbook, vf/f

Lot number 3412 Quality: **/*/0

Group with some better stamps, including n° 3, Ader (2x), Louvre, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3413 Quality: Mix

Box with lots of loose material, including sheets "3c. Blanc", vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3414 Quality: ✉

Collection of French forerunners, approximately 340 items, many offices and secondary stamps, in 2 albums, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3415 Quality: ✉

Collection of Italian forerunners, approx. 400 items, from Genoa and Milan to Lyon, beautiful city collection, in 2 albums, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3416 Quality: ✉

1791 French forerunner, from Beaune, dated 1 July 1791, to Saint Aubin (Switzerland), vf

Lot number 3417 Quality: ✉

22 letters/forerunners, from France, to Belgium, Switzerland and France, number of letters include n° 14 (Yv.), for specialist from France, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3418 Quality: ✉

+/-1840 Collection of Italian forerunners, approximately 200 items, all sent to Lyon around the period 1840, beautiful city collection, in album, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3419 Quality: ✉

1849 Letter from Vitry le-François to Sainte-Menehould with postage "20c. black on light yellow", fully margined item, vf

Lot number 3420 Quality: ✉

1851 Letter from Basta (Corsica) to Livorno with postage N° 1 "10c. bistre-jaune", strip of 3, Yv. €3,500 with cancellations "Outremer Bastia" and "VPM" in oval, both red, vf

Lot number 3421 Quality: ✉

1854/1867, accumulation of 11 beautiful letters, vf

Lot number 3422 Quality: ✉

1855/1949 accumulation of 19 postal items including a nice R-letter with Yv. n° 294 (2x) to Belgium, also letter from Guadeloupe to Belgium, almost all classic, vf/f

Lot number 3423 Quality: ✉

1855/1864 Nice accumulation of letters to Belgium and elsewhere (including 2 items from England to France) with varied postage (17 items), vf/f

Lot number 3424 Quality: ✉

1862/1892, 18 items mostly to foreign countries (including Switzerland, USA, Russia etc..), vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3425 Quality: ✉

1868 Nice letter from Lyon to Yokohama by paquebot Lyon with "80c. Napoléon Lauré rose" (2x), correct postage, vf

Lot number 3426 Quality: ✉

1873/1878, 36 postcards within Northern France, all sent to Hautmont, mostly franked with Yv. n° 55 Cérès "15c. bistre", others with type Sage, mostly with rusty archive holes, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3427 Quality: ✉

1887 Carte-lettre "5c. Sage type" with advertisement (PUB), complete from Lyon to Paris, nice item, vf

Lot number 3428 Quality: ✉

1900 stationery, "10c. noir", Sage type with drawing "Vue de Saint-Cloud" on back, vf

Lot number 3429 Quality: ✉

1915 Military card from Wesserung to Grenoble with 2 censorship marks, Wildenstein Alsace, vf

Lot number 3430 Quality: ✉

1938 Contribution card from trade union with high values, including Pont du Gard, not often offered, f

Lot number 3431 Quality: ✉

Huge number of loose postal items in large box, including préoblitérés, also some Monaco and colonies, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3432 Quality: ✉

Approximately 150 letters with company perforations, including rare items, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3433 Quality: ✉

Accumulation of hundreds of items, including many pre-cancelled items, wrappers, company covers, f/to be checked

Lot number 3434 Quality: **

1937 "Exposition Internationale Arts et Techniques", complete set of 24 souvenir sheets, vf (Yv. €682.50)

Lot number 3435 Quality: (*)

N° 1 "1859 - 1c. olive" on white paper, essay (Chinese paper) in block of four, some defects (thin papier), but rare, to be checked

Lot number 3436 Quality: **

Penalty postage n° 54/58 "1962 - stamps France" with overprints "EA" in 3 types, all with inverted overprint, 3 sets complete, Michel lists 1 type, vf (Catalogue value €295 for the set)

Lot number 3437 Quality: ✉

1942 Oceania N° 76 (2x) and 99 on registered letter from Tahiti on 20/12/41 to San Francisco, censorship mark "French establishment in Oceania", arrival stamp San Francisco, 18 January 1942, vf

Lot number 3438 Quality: **

1951/1976 Extensive collection in clip binder including épreuves (Sisavang Yong LP), souvenir sheets, nice item in good condition, vf

Lot number 3439 Quality: **/*/0

1887/1945 Collection with duplicates on stock cards, many Sage types, including Fournier forgeries, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3440 Quality: ✉

1925 Gabon, N° 92, 96, 97, 100 and 104 on registered letter, sent on 18 December 1925 to France, vf

Lot number 3441 Quality: **

N° 2a "1919 - 2m. on 2c. brown-lilac" with deviating overprint "distance between 2 and m.", Richter and Brun expert marks, tinted gum, rare, f (Yv. +€3,800)

Lot number 3442 Quality: **

N° 1, 24, 25, PA 1/4, vf (Yv. €755)

Lot number 3443 Quality: **/*/0

Collection with duplicates in 2 thick stockbooks, including Morocco (including Spanish territory), Guadeloupe, Guyana, Alexandria, Côte des Somalis, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3444 Quality: **/*

Cambodia and Laos, beautiful collection in thick stockbook, both from independence onwards, many better sets and souvenir sheets, mostly mint, vf/f

Lot number 3445 Quality: */0

Old collection on album leaves including Grand Liban, Syria, Oceania with better stamps, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3446 Quality: **/*/0

Stock mainly of African areas in 2 slipbooks, with lots of Senegal, Cameroon, Mali, very many stamps, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3447 Quality: */0

Collection of older material on album leaves and in small stockbook, vf/f/to be checked (High catalogue value)

Lot number 3448 Quality: ✉

Approximately 100 mostly older postal items, mainly franked with French stamps, mostly Algérie, Tunis, very mixed quality, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3449 Quality: */0

1861/1906, classic on album leaves, with a very large sheet of Hermes heads, Olympic Games, overprints, penalty postage, for the specialist, very high catalogue value, vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3450 Quality: **/*/0

1861/1995 Collection in 3 Davo albums (mostly mint) and Hermes heads stockbook (with literature) in stockbook, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3451 Quality: **/*/0

1861/1992 Collection with areas in 2 stockbooks starting with Hermes heads, with Crete, Thessaly, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3452 Quality: **/0

Greece + Cyprus, collection in 2 stockbooks, from classic including souvenir sheets, booklets, sets, including BL 1 Cyprus **, vf/f

Lot number 3453 Quality: */0

1861/1900 Beautiful collection of large Hermes heads, specialising on colour shades, with varieties, cancellations, numbers according to Yvert, specialisation according to Vlastos, almost everything in beautiful quality, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3454 Quality: */0

1886/1900 Beautiful specialised collection of small Hermes heads on album leaves (leaves), various colour shades in the Mechelen and Athens printing, also interesting for cancellation, beautiful quality, vf/f

Lot number 3455 Quality: (**)

n° 212 "1£ green", re-gummed and thin, beautiful album piece, to be checked (S.G. £3,500)

Lot number 3456 Quality: 0

N° 413a/415a "Seahorses Bradbury Wilkinson 2/-6d. brown (different shades) lot with nine different stamps, generally very nice, useful lot, vf/f (S.G. +++£675)

Lot number 3457 Quality: *

N° 438 "1£ black" with slight gum discolouration, vf/f (S.G. £750)

Lot number 3458 Quality: ✉

1911 'First U.K. Aerial Post - London to Windsor September 12th, 1911' illustrated postcard sent to Inverkeithing, Fife, Scotland and franked with n°322 (S.G.) '1/2d green Downey Head' with special postmark from London especially for this occasion, very nice and rare!, very early airmail, vf

Lot number 3459 Quality: *

N° 478 '10sh. dark blue', very fine (S.G. £260)

Lot number 3460 Quality: **

1937/1951 'George VI' collection including all high values, vf (SG £600)

Lot number 3461 Quality: ✉

1846, (SG) N° 8, on letter with contents from Bishop Auckland to Hull 26/08/1846. Full margins 1 P redbrown stamp (slightly nicked), very nice blue numeral obliteration 80 of Bishop Auckland (SG stamp ++£180).

Lot number 3462 Quality: ✉

1852/1855 Collection of forerunners/letters, without stamps, all from London to Bruges in ring binder (23 items), vf

Lot number 3463 Quality: ✉

1854 Registered letter from Alhwick (?) to Harewood with beautiful franking of imperforate "two pence" (strip of 3) and "once penny", rare and interesting, vf

Lot number 3464 Quality: ✉

1855/1898, accumulation of 8 letters including 1d brown-red imperforate, vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3465 Quality: ✉

1865 Letter from London to Marseille, forwarded to Lyon, franked with "4c. bright red" with "Hairlines", including ambulantory postmark "Calais", vf

Lot number 3466 Quality: ✉

1867/1878 Interesting accumulation of 5 postal items to the Netherlands, including price lists, Book Post with descriptions, franked with one Penny Red and two Pence Blue, vf

Lot number 3467 Quality: ✉

1872 Registered letter from Wormwood (London) to Brussels, franked with S.G. n° 103 plate 8 (2x), attractive letter, vf

Lot number 3468 Quality: ✉

+/-1900/1981 Varied composition, including many airmail letters, FDCs, etc., as well as some other countries, f/to be checked

Lot number 3469 Quality: ✉

1901/1936 Edward VI and George V accumulation with various cancellations, vf/f/to be checked (+/-260 items)

Lot number 3470 Quality: ✉

Many sheets of mostly older postal items, including Forces, Isle of Wight, interesting, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3471 Quality: ✉

Accumulation of older postal items, including some from other areas (39 items), vf

Lot number 3472 Quality: 0

1840/1980 Mainly classic collection on loose sheets, including Penny Black (3x), Six Pence Embossed, but many in lesser quality, vf/f/to be checked (High catalogue value)

Lot number 3473 Quality: **/*/0

1840/1999, collection in Davo album, also 5 stock books from classic, also some Ireland, vf/f/to be checked.

Lot number 3474 Quality: **/0

1840/1993 Accumulation in stockbook, with better values, complete sets, nominal, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3475 Quality: */0

1840*1951 Group of better stamps, n° 1 Black Penny, four-sided without defects, 1948 RSW £1, George VI 1939/48 and 1951, vf (S.G. £1,065)

Lot number 3476 Quality: **/*/0

1841/2007 in 4 Lindner uncancelled from 1930 with many complete sets, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3477 Quality: **/0

1849/2005 Collection in stockbook, including better values, sets, nominal, cancellations, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3478 Quality: **/0

1858/2006 Accumulation in 4 stockbooks and 1 Davo album, including many nominal values, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3479 Quality: 0

N° 43/44 and 45/47 '1858/79' nice plate reconstruction vd 'One penny red and two pence blue' complete except plate 77, but with plate 225, most stamps in good quality, vf/f.

Lot number 3480 Quality: **/0

1862/1881 Accumulation of letters + postage due stamps and postal items, easy to view, beautiful item, vf/f/to be checked

Lot number 3481 Quality: **/*/0

1902/1976, Collection in 2 Safe albums until 1955 mostly cancelled, after that almost everything mint, vf/to be checked